Prokopton42

Period

Antiquity

6th century BCE to 5th century CE

Thinkers
34
Works
169
Passages
33,374
Traditions
10

Locate without oversimplifying

This category covers Greek, Indian, Chinese, and Roman worlds that share neither one chronology nor the same institutions. Uncertain dates remain intervals, and later transmission is not confused with probable composition.

A translation or material witness date never replaces probable composition. Pages mark dates that are missing or disputed.

Traditions represented

Works in this period

  1. Testimonies and Fragments of Aristo of ChiosAristo of Chios · 3rd century BCE; fragments and testimonia transmitted later
  2. Eudemian EthicsAristotle · 4th century BCE; internal chronology disputed
  3. MetaphysicsAristotle · 4th century BCE; transmitted as a layered collection
  4. Nicomachean EthicsAristotle · 4th century BCE; internal chronology disputed
  5. PoeticsAristotle · 4th century BCE; internal chronology disputed
  6. PoliticsAristotle · work attested c. 335-323 BCE; earlier layers possible
  7. RhetoricAristotle · 4th century BCE; early core and later revisions disputed
  8. Aṅguttara Nikāya: Numerical DiscoursesSiddhartha Gautama / Buddha · oral strata, late 5th to 3rd centuries BCE; later Pali organization
  9. Dhammapada: Verses on the DhammaSiddhartha Gautama / Buddha · verse strata, 5th-2nd centuries BCE; collection attested by the 2nd century BCE
  10. Dīgha Nikāya: Collection of Long DiscoursesSiddhartha Gautama / Buddha · oral strata, late 5th to 3rd centuries BCE; later Pali organization
  11. Majjhima Nikāya: Collection of Middle-Length DiscoursesSiddhartha Gautama / Buddha · oral strata, late 5th to 3rd centuries BCE; later Pali organization
  12. Saṃyutta Nikāya: Connected DiscoursesSiddhartha Gautama / Buddha · oral strata, late 5th to 3rd centuries BCE; later Pali organization
  13. Sutta Nipāta: Early Collection of Discourses in VerseSiddhartha Gautama / Buddha · early and revised strata, 5th-3rd centuries BCE
  14. Ancient testimonia on CarneadesCarneades · carriers from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE; testimonia on Carneades
  15. SVF II: Chrysippus on Logic and PhysicsChrysippus · 3rd century BCE; fragments and testimonia transmitted later
  16. SVF III: Chrysippus on EthicsChrysippus · 3rd century BCE; fragments and testimonia transmitted later
  17. AcademicaCicero · 45 BCE
  18. Brutus, or On Eminent OratorsCicero · 46 BCE
  19. Catilinarian OrationsCicero · 63 BCE
  20. Letters to AtticusCicero · 68-44 BCE
  21. Letters to FriendsCicero · 62-43 BCE
  22. Letters to QuintusCicero · 60-54 BCE
  23. Lucullus, Book Two of the AcademicaCicero · 45 BCE
  24. On DivinationCicero · 44 BCE
  25. On DutiesCicero · 44 BCE
  26. On EndsCicero · 45 BCE
  27. On FateCicero · 44 BCE
  28. On FriendshipCicero · 44 BCE
  29. On Old AgeCicero · 44 BCE
  30. On the OratorCicero · 55 BCE
  31. On the LawsCicero · c. 52-51 BCE
  32. On the Nature of the GodsCicero · 45 BCE
  33. On the RepublicCicero · c. 54-51 BCE
  34. OratorCicero · 46 BCE
  35. PhilippicsCicero · 44-43 BCE
  36. Stoic ParadoxesCicero · 46 BCE
  37. Tusculan DisputationsCicero · 45 BCE
  38. Hymn to ZeusCleanthes · 3rd century BCE; precise date unknown
  39. SVF I: CleanthesCleanthes · 3rd century BCE; fragments and testimonia transmitted later
  40. Pearson: Cleanthes fragmentsCleanthes · 3rd century BCE; fragments and testimonia transmitted later
  41. The Analects of Confucius (Lúnyǔ)Confucius · layered composition, mid-5th to 2nd century BCE
  42. Dio Chrysostom’s Diogenic OrationsDio Chrysostom · late 1st or early 2nd century CE
  43. Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book VI: The Cynics, by Diogenes LaertiusDiogenes Laertius · first half of the 3rd century CE
  44. Philosophies for Sale, Sections 7-11, by Lucian of SamosataLucian of Samosata · c. 165 CE
  45. Life of Alexander, Chapter 14: The Encounter with Diogenes, by PlutarchPlutarch · c. 96-120 CE
  46. Pseudo-Diogenic EpistlesPseudo-Diogenes · late Hellenistic or Imperial period, 1st century BCE-2nd century CE
  47. Discourses of Epictetus, Recorded by ArrianEpictetus · teaching recorded by Arrian, c. 108-125 CE
  48. Doubtful and Spurious Fragments Attributed to EpictetusEpictetus · attributions formed from the 2nd century through Late Antiquity
  49. Enchiridion of EpictetusEpictetus · early 2nd century CE
  50. Fragments Attributed to EpictetusEpictetus · sayings from the 1st-2nd centuries CE, transmitted by later witnesses
  51. Letter to HerodotusEpicurus · late 4th or early 3rd century BCE
  52. Letter to MenoeceusEpicurus · late 4th or early 3rd century BCE
  53. Letter to PythoclesEpicurus · late 4th or early 3rd century BCE
  54. Principal DoctrinesEpicurus · 3rd century BCE; compilation of sayings by Epicurus and associates
  55. Surviving Fragments of EpicurusEpicurus · 4th-3rd centuries BCE; later fragmentary transmission
  56. Vatican SayingsEpicurus · anthology formed between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE
  57. Heraclitus: Diels B fragmentsHeraclitus · late 6th or early 5th century BCE; quotations transmitted later
  58. Hillel in Early Rabbinic CarriersHillel the Elder · rabbinic carriers compiled c. 190-650 CE; traditions about Hillel active c. 30 BCE-20 CE
  59. Daodejing, Book of the Way and VirtueLaozi · layered composition, 4th-3rd centuries BCE
  60. MeditationsMarcus Aurelius · c. 170-180 CE
  61. DeuteronomyMoses · traditional Mosaic attribution; received composition and redaction across several centuries
  62. ExodusMoses · traditional Mosaic attribution; received composition and redaction across several centuries
  63. GenesisMoses · traditional Mosaic attribution; received composition and redaction across several centuries
  64. LeviticusMoses · traditional Mosaic attribution; received composition and redaction across several centuries
  65. NumbersMoses · traditional Mosaic attribution; received composition and redaction across several centuries
  66. The Qur’anMuhammad · proclamations c. 610-632 CE
  67. Ancient Biographical Testimonia on Musonius RufusMusonius Rufus · testimonies from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE
  68. Discourses of Musonius Rufus Reported by LuciusMusonius Rufus · late 1st or early 2nd century CE
  69. Minor Fragments and Sayings Attributed to Musonius RufusMusonius Rufus · 1st-century sayings, witnessed from the 2nd to 5th centuries CE
  70. Spurious Letters Attributed to Musonius RufusMusonius Rufus · Late Antiquity or Byzantine period, date uncertain
  71. Panaetius Fragments in Fowler’s EditionPanaetius · 2nd century BCE; fragments carried from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE
  72. First AlcibiadesPlato · c. 350-330 BCE
  73. Second Alcibiades, a Pseudo-Platonic DialoguePlato · 4th-3rd centuries BCE; pseudo-Platonic attribution
  74. Apology of SocratesPlato · c. 399-390 BCE
  75. CharmidesPlato · c. 399-380 BCE
  76. ClitophonPlato · 4th century BCE; disputed attribution
  77. CratylusPlato · c. 390-360 BCE
  78. CritiasPlato · c. 360-347 BCE
  79. CritoPlato · c. 399-390 BCE
  80. Epinomis, an Ancient Appendix to the LawsPlato · after 347, c. 347-330 BCE
  81. Letters Attributed to PlatoPlato · 4th-3rd centuries BCE; authenticity varies by letter
  82. EuthydemusPlato · c. 390-370 BCE
  83. EuthyphroPlato · c. 399-390 BCE
  84. GorgiasPlato · c. 390-380 BCE
  85. Hipparchus, a Pseudo-Platonic DialoguePlato · 4th-3rd centuries BCE; pseudo-Platonic attribution
  86. Hippias MajorPlato · 4th century BCE; authenticity disputed
  87. Hippias MinorPlato · c. 399-390 BCE
  88. IonPlato · c. 399-390 BCE
  89. LachesPlato · c. 399-380 BCE
  90. LawsPlato · c. 360-347 BCE; late work left unfinished
  91. Rival Lovers, a Pseudo-Platonic DialoguePlato · 4th-3rd centuries BCE; pseudo-Platonic attribution
  92. LysisPlato · c. 399-380 BCE
  93. MenexenusPlato · c. 386 BCE
  94. MenoPlato · c. 390-380 BCE
  95. Minos, a Pseudo-Platonic DialoguePlato · 4th-3rd centuries BCE; pseudo-Platonic attribution
  96. ParmenidesPlato · c. 370-360 BCE
  97. PhaedoPlato · c. 385-370 BCE
  98. PhaedrusPlato · c. 370-360 BCE
  99. PhilebusPlato · c. 355-347 BCE
  100. ProtagorasPlato · c. 399-380 BCE
  101. RepublicPlato · c. 390-370 BCE
  102. SophistPlato · c. 360 BCE
  103. StatesmanPlato · c. 360 BCE
  104. SymposiumPlato · c. 385-370 BCE
  105. TheaetetusPlato · c. 369-360 BCE
  106. Theages, a Dialogue of Disputed AttributionPlato · 4th-3rd centuries BCE; disputed attribution
  107. TimaeusPlato · c. 360-350 BCE
  108. AlexanderPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  109. CaesarPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  110. Cato the YoungerPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  111. How One May Know One’s Progress in VirtuePlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  112. How a Young Man Should Study PoetryPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  113. How to Profit by One’s EnemiesPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  114. On Common Conceptions against the StoicsPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  115. On CuriosityPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  116. On Moral VirtuePlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  117. On Stoic Self-ContradictionsPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  118. On Tranquillity of Mind, PlutarchPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  119. On the Control of AngerPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  120. On the E at DelphiPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  121. On the Face in the MoonPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  122. Table TalkPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  123. The Stoics Speak More Absurdly than the PoetsPlutarch · late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain
  124. Fragments on Customs and WarsPosidonius · 1st century BCE; fragments of the Histories transmitted by ancient authors
  125. Testimonies on PosidoniusPosidonius · 1st century BCE; testimonia about Posidonius written later
  126. Consolation to Helvia, His MotherSeneca · c. 42-43 CE
  127. Consolation to MarciaSeneca · c. 39-40 CE
  128. Consolation to PolybiusSeneca · c. 43-44 CE
  129. On BenefitsSeneca · c. 56-64 CE
  130. On the Shortness of LifeSeneca · c. 49 CE
  131. On ClemencySeneca · 55-56 CE
  132. On the Firmness of the Wise PersonSeneca · 50s or early 60s CE
  133. On AngerSeneca · c. 41-52 CE
  134. On LeisureSeneca · c. 62 CE
  135. On ProvidenceSeneca · 50s or early 60s CE
  136. On Tranquillity of MindSeneca · c. 55-62 CE
  137. On the Happy LifeSeneca · c. 58 CE
  138. Moral Letters to LuciliusSeneca · c. 62-65 CE
  139. Natural QuestionsSeneca · c. 62-64 CE
  140. Against the Ethicists, Book XI of Against the LearnedSextus Empiricus · c. 180-220 CE
  141. Against the Logicians, Books VII-VIII of Against the LearnedSextus Empiricus · c. 180-220 CE
  142. Against the Physicists, Books IX-X of Against the LearnedSextus Empiricus · c. 180-220 CE
  143. Against the Professors, Books I-VI of Against the LearnedSextus Empiricus · c. 180-220 CE
  144. Outlines of PyrrhonismSextus Empiricus · c. 180-220 CE
  145. Socrates in Aristophanes’ CloudsAristophanes · first performed in 423 BCE; later revision
  146. Socrates in Plato’s ApologyPlato · c. 399-390 BCE
  147. Socrates in Plato’s CharmidesPlato · c. 399-380 BCE
  148. Socrates in Plato’s CritoPlato · c. 399-390 BCE
  149. Socrates in Plato’s EuthyphroPlato · c. 399-390 BCE
  150. Socrates in Plato’s GorgiasPlato · c. 390-380 BCE
  151. Socrates in Plato’s LachesPlato · c. 399-380 BCE
  152. Socrates in Plato’s MenoPlato · c. 390-380 BCE
  153. Socrates in Plato’s PhaedoPlato · c. 385-370 BCE
  154. Socrates in Plato’s PhaedrusPlato · c. 370-360 BCE
  155. Socrates in Plato’s ProtagorasPlato · c. 399-380 BCE
  156. Socrates in Plato’s RepublicPlato · c. 390-370 BCE
  157. Socrates in Plato’s SymposiumPlato · c. 385-370 BCE
  158. Socrates in Plato’s TheaetetusPlato · c. 369-360 BCE
  159. Socrates in Xenophon’s ApologyXenophon · c. 390-360 BCE
  160. Socrates in Xenophon’s MemorabiliaXenophon · c. 385-355 BCE
  161. Socrates in Xenophon’s OeconomicusXenophon · c. 380-350 BCE
  162. Socrates in Xenophon’s SymposiumXenophon · c. 380-350 BCE
  163. Diogenes Laertius II.11: StilpoStilpo of Megara · first half of the 3rd century CE; testimony about Stilpo
  164. Sunzi Bingfa, The Art of WarSun Tzu · layered composition, Warring States period, 5th-3rd centuries BCE
  165. Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta I: Zeno of CitiumZeno of Citium · late 4th and 3rd centuries BCE; fragments and testimonia transmitted later
  166. The Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes: Zeno Section, Edited by A. C. PearsonZeno of Citium · late 4th and 3rd centuries BCE; fragments and testimonia transmitted later
  167. The Bible: Old TestamentBiblical traditions · composition and redaction across centuries, c. 12th-2nd centuries BCE, depending on the book
  168. The Bible: New TestamentBiblical traditions · c. 50-120 CE, depending on the book
  169. The Four GospelsGospel traditions · c. 65-100 CE, depending on the Gospel